[2023] Pass Key features of 4A0-220 Course with Updated 40 Questions
4A0-220 Sample Practice Exam Questions 2023 Updated Verified
NEW QUESTION # 23
What is the Link Maintenance window?
- A. A centralized alarm manager
- B. A wizard for modifying TE-link attributes
- C. A centralized view of the TE-link for the operator
- D. A wizard with commands to set links and nodes to maintenance
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The Link Maintenance window is a feature of NFM-T that allows the user to perform maintenance tasks on links and nodes in a GMPLS network. The Link Maintenance window is a wizard that provides commands to set links and nodes to maintenance mode, which prevents them from being used for routing new LSPs or carrying traffic. The user can also use the Link Maintenance window to reroute existing LSPs away from the links and nodes that are in maintenance mode, either manually or automatically. The Link Maintenance window helps the user to perform network maintenance operations without disrupting the service availability or quality12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the Commissioning File in GMRE nodes?
- A. A file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible
- B. A file with commissioned GMRE nodes for NPA implementation
- C. A control checklist for the operator
- D. A file of optical impairment parameters for power balance
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Commissioning File in GMRE nodes is a file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible. The Commissioning File contains parameters such as power, OSNR, Q-factor, and dispersion that are used to evaluate the feasibility of an LSP request. The Commissioning File is generated by the Network Planning Application (NPA) based on the network design and optical impairments. The Commissioning File is uploaded to each GMRE node and is used by the CSPF algorithm to find a suitable path for the LSP. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Network Planning Application (NPA) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which of the following best describes the Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. An automatic shut down of all LSPs in the TE-link
- B. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted
- C. A soft maintenance state where new traffic is allowed for restoration
- D. It is the same as the administrative maintenance state. No new traffic can be routed over the TE-Unk
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The Shutting Down state is a transient state that occurs when a TE-link is set to maintenance mode in the NFM-T. In this state, the TE-link is not available for routing new LSPs, but the existing LSPs (SNCs) that use the TE-link are not immediately terminated. Instead, they are soft-rerouted, which means that they are gracefully switched to alternative paths without disrupting the traffic. The Shutting Down state lasts until all the SNCs on the TE-link are successfully soft-rerouted or forcefully terminated. After that, the TE-link transitions to the Administrative Maintenance state, where no traffic can be routed over the TE-link12.
References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 26
What is the definition of Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)?
- A. It is the SPF algorithm applied to low bandwidth LSPs.
- B. It is the SPF algorithm applied for low latency LSPs.
- C. It is the 5FP algorithm applied after pruning links that do not meet the specified constraints.
- D. It is a combination between OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) is an extension of the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm that is used to find the best path for a Label Switched Path (LSP) in a GMPLS network. CSPF takes into account additional constraints such as bandwidth, latency, priority, or node or link inclusion or exclusion. CSPF works by pruning those links that do not meet the specified constraints and then applying the SPF algorithm to the remaining links. This way, CSPF can find a path that satisfies both the shortest distance and the constraints. References : Constrained Shortest Path First - Wikipedia, Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) - Metaswitch
NEW QUESTION # 27
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS. What is its main benefit?
- A. Reducing OPEX
- B. Reducing CAPEX
- C. Supporting multi-vendor networks
- D. Providing resilience against multiple failures
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS that allows dynamic provisioning of optical transport connections between IP routers and optical network elements2. Automation reduces the operational time and administrative overhead required to provision new connectivity, which in turn reduces the operational expenditure (OPEX) of the network. Reducing CAPEX, providing resilience against multiple failures, and supporting multi-vendor networks are not direct benefits of automation, but rather possible outcomes of using GMPLS in general. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which of the following best describes Quality of Service in GMPLS?
- A. The amount of information that is possible to store in the Traffic Engineering Database (TED)
- B. The possibility to have L0 and L1 switching treated with the same quality level in the same network
- C. The ability to switch back to the nominal route after a failure is repaired without impacting existing traffic
- D. The ability to set constraints such as latency and priority for different kinds of services
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Quality of Service (QoS) in GMPLS is the ability to set constraints such as latency and priority for different kinds of services. This means that GMPLS can allocate network resources according to the specific requirements of each service, such as voice, video, or data. For example, a voice service may need low latency and high priority, while a data service may need high bandwidth and low priority. GMPLS can use Traffic Engineering (TE) extensions to OSPF and RSVP protocols to advertise and reserve network resources based on QoS parameters. References : [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia], [Quality of Service - Nokia]
NEW QUESTION # 29
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities?
- A. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
- B. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- C. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box - D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, check the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LO or LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option enables the GMPLS control plane for the logical link, while the ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 30
How are L0 and L1 resources coordinated in case of a failure in an MRN?
- A. Coordination is achieved by segregation of color and colorless LSPs
- B. Coordination is achieved by comparing the Setup Priorities
- C. Coordination is achieved by setting the WSR parameter
- D. Coordination is achieved by setting the color constraints
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Coordination of L0 and L1 resources in case of a failure in an MRN is achieved by setting the color constraints. Color constraints are used to specify which wavelengths or timeslots can be used by a given LSP request. By setting the color constraints, the NFM-T can ensure that the L0 and L1 resources are compatible and consistent across the network. For example, if an L0 LSP request requires a specific wavelength, the NFM-T can set the color constraint to match that wavelength and assign it to the L0 LSP. Similarly, if an L1 LSP request requires a specific timeslot, the NFM-T can set the color constraint to match that timeslot and assign it to the L1 LSP. This way, the coordination of L0 and L1 resources is achieved by ensuring that the same color is used by both layers. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3.
GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 31
What does the SNC state with an uppercase "N" mean in a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
- B. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
- C. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
- D. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state with an uppercase "N" means that the resource is currently using the nominal resource assigned to it. As explained in the previous question, a nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. If an LSP is using the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has not been rerouted or switched due to any failure or constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the resource will be "N", indicating that it is in use by an LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 32
What is the purpose of the RSVP-TE Notify message?
- A. It is a mechanism to inform the NM5 of L5P events
- B. It is a mechanism to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events
- C. It is confirmation of a node's resource reservation
- D. It is the node's alarm control channel
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
RSVP-TE Notify message is a message type defined in the RSVP-TE protocol, which is an extension of the RSVP protocol for MPLS traffic engineering. RSVP-TE Notify message is used to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events, such as setup, modification, or teardown. This allows the nodes to update their local state information and perform actions based on the notification. For example, a Notify message can be used to trigger a fast reroute mechanism in case of a link or node failure12. References:
* 1: RFC 3473 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions
* 2: RFC 3471 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which categories of protocols are included in the GMPLS technology?
- A. Routing, signaling, and link management
- B. Signaling, routing, and forwarding
- C. Link management, signaling, and switching
- D. Routing, grooming, and signaling
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMPLS technology includes three categories of protocols: routing, signaling, and link management.
Routing protocols are used to exchange information about the network topology, resources, and constraints among the nodes. Signaling protocols are used to establish, modify, and release Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across the network. Link management protocols are used to verify the connectivity and status of the links between adjacent nodes. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3. GMPLS
- Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 34
What is Tunnel Property Heritage?
- A. The hierarchy tunnels cannot be nested unless they share the same properties.
- B. Maximum allowed bandwith is propagated from HO to LO LSPs.
- C. Cost, SRLG, and Color properties are propagated from HO to LO LSPs.
- D. A restored tunnel inherits the ODUk flows.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Tunnel Property Heritage is a feature of GMRE that allows the propagation of certain properties from higher order (HO) LSPs to lower order (LO) LSPs in a multi-layer network. These properties include cost, SRLG, and color. Cost is a metric that reflects the preference of using a certain link or path for routing. SRLG is a set of links that share a common risk of failure. Color is an attribute that can be used to group or filter LSPs based on service classes or customer profiles. By propagating these properties from HO to LO LSPs, GMRE can ensure that the end-to-end LSPs are consistent and optimal across different layers34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 35
What is the purpose of preemption when establishing an LSP?
- A. To assign the correct wavelengths depending on the type of traffic
- B. To tear down an existing LSP in order to accommodate higher priority traffic
- C. To measure the end-to-end latency
- D. To pick the next hop during LSP signalling
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Preemption is a mechanism that allows a higher priority LSP to tear down an existing lower priority LSP in order to obtain the required resources for its establishment. Preemption can occur when there is not enough bandwidth or other resources available on a link or node to accommodate a new LSP request. In this case, the node can select one or more lower priority LSPs that are using the resources and send them a PathErr message with a Preempt error code. This causes the lower priority LSPs to beterminated and release their resources. The node can then allocate the resources to the higher priority LSP and send a Resv message to confirm its reservation34. References:
* 3: RFC 4829: Label Switched Path (LSP) Preemption Policies for MPLS Traffic Engineering4
* 4: MPLS Applications User Guide | Juniper Networks5
NEW QUESTION # 36
What category of protocols is used by the ingress router to set up a new LSP?
- A. Signaling protocols
- B. Link management protocols
- C. Coloring protocols
- D. Link aggregation protocols
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Signaling protocols are protocols that are used by the ingress router to set up a new LSP in an MPLS network.
Signaling protocols are responsible for requesting, allocating, and releasing resources along the LSP, as well as establishing and maintaining the label bindings between the nodes. Some examples of signaling protocols are RSVP-TE, LDP, and CR-LDP34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 5500 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 7.1.x - Implementing MPLS Label Distribution Protocol [Cisco IOS XR Software (End-of-Sale)] - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which of the following is not a GMPLS protocol?
- A. LMP
- B. RSVP-TE
- C. SFD
- D. OSPF-TE
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
SFD is not a GMPLS protocol, but a term used in optical networks to refer to the Source Frequency Definition, which is a parameter that specifies the frequency of a wavelength channel4. GMPLS protocols are those that enable the control and management of different types of switching technologies, such as packet, wavelength, fiber, and time-slot switching5. Some examples of GMPLS protocols are OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, and LMP. OSPF-TE is a routing protocol that advertises the topology and the link attributes of the network6.
RSVP-TE is a signaling protocol that establishes, modifies, and releases LSPs. LMP is a link management protocol that verifies the connectivity and monitors the status of the links. References:
* 4: Source Frequency Definition (SFD) - ITU
* 5: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 6: OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) - RFC 4203
* [7]: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions - RFC 3473
* [8]: Link Management Protocol (LMP) - RFC 4204
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which of the following information is present in every GMPLS-enabled node?
- A. The bandwidth of each client path in the entire network
- B. The state of each link in the entire network
- C. The list of LSPs created in the entire network
- D. The frequency of each client path in the entire network
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS-enabled nodes use routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to exchange information about the topology and the state of the links in the network12. This information includes the link attributes, such as bandwidth, wavelength, protection, and shared risk link groups (SRLGs)3. The state of each link indicates whether it is up or down, available or reserved, and so on. This information is used by GMPLS-enabled nodes to compute feasible paths for LSPs and to avoid routing loops or conflicts. The bandwidth and the frequency of each client path are not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the ingress and egress nodes that initiate and terminate the LSPs. The list of LSPs created in the entire network is also not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the nodes that are involved in the LSPs or that maintain a global view of the network. References:
* 1: GMPLS - Nokia
* 2: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 39
......
Nokia 4A0-220 certification exam is designed to test the knowledge and skills of network professionals in the area of GMPLS-controlled optical networks. Nokia GMPLS-Controlled Optical Networks certification is offered by Nokia, a leading provider of network equipment and solutions. 4A0-220 exam evaluates the candidate's ability to design, configure, and troubleshoot optical networks using GMPLS technology.
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